# Dreyfus retried and pardoned (1899)

URL: https://history-france.com/timeline/1899-dreyfus-retried-and-pardoned
Location: Rennes
Categories: main-event

A second military trial again convicted Dreyfus with extenuating circumstances before a presidential pardon. Within the broader Third Republic period, The Third Republic survived war, the Commune, constitutional crises and fierce ideological conflict. It expanded mass schooling and empire, faced the Dreyfus Affair, fought World War I and entered the troubled interwar era. At this point in the timeline, the relevant governing authority is Émile Loubet (President of the French Republic). Dreyfus retried and pardoned mattered because it changed the legal or constitutional framework within which French institutions and citizens operated. The event is positioned here so visitors can read it alongside changes in government, warfare, society, religion, culture and France’s wider international setting.

## Why it matters
Dreyfus retried and pardoned mattered because it changed the legal or constitutional framework within which French institutions and citizens operated.

Ruler at the time: [Émile Loubet](https://history-france.com/rulers/emile-loubet)

## Sources
- [Wikipedia topic lookup — Dreyfus retried and pardoned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Dreyfus+retried+and+pardoned&go=Go)
- [Encyclopaedia Britannica topic lookup — Dreyfus retried and pardoned](https://www.britannica.com/search?query=Dreyfus+retried+and+pardoned)
- [Vie-publique — French institutions and history](https://www.vie-publique.fr/)